When reading a paper book, comprehension is often higher, especially with longer or more complex texts. Physical books engage multiple senses, such as the tactile sensation of turning pages, which helps the brain map the text spatially. This engagement activates brain regions linked to emotion and sensory memory, such as the medial prefrontal cortex. Paper books also foster greater emotional engagement, making it easier to retain and recall information​(BrainFacts)​(Learning Mind).

In contrast, reading on a screen, like an e-book, often results in “shallow” reading, where people are more likely to skim the material. This can impair comprehension and retention of details, particularly for longer texts. E-books can also cause eye strain, leading to quicker fatigue. However, e-readers with e-ink technology help reduce this effect compared to tablets and phones​(BrainFacts)​(Publishing Perspectives).

Listening to audiobooks stimulates many of the same brain regions as reading, particularly those related to comprehension and language processing. Whether hearing or seeing words, the brain processes the meaning similarly. Audiobooks activate cognitive and emotional responses, but they rely more on auditory memory, which can vary in effectiveness depending on individual preferences​(Discover Magazine)​(Psychological Science).

Watching videos combines both visual and auditory input, activating both the visual and auditory cortices. This multisensory engagement can lead to faster comprehension for some content. However, because videos provide both spoken and visual cues, the brain may engage less in imaginative and deep thinking compared to reading, as much of the interpretation is already provided visually​(Discover Magazine).

Each format engages the brain in unique ways, depending on how the information is consumed and the type of content being processed.